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Alexander Hamilton laid out his case for the Electoral College in Federalist No. 68, written in 1788 to convince the public to ratify the U.S. Constitution. He called the system "if not perfect, ... at least excellent," arguing that it achieved a delicate balance between popular rule and informed deliberation. A Filter Against Demagogues and Populism Hamilton worried that the general public could be manipulated by candidates using "talents for low intrigue, and the little arts of popularity". He argued that while the "sense of the people" should shape the choice, the final decision was best entrusted to a temporary, deliberative body of electors—individuals chosen by their peers who possessed the "information and discernment" required to select a qualified leader. A Defense Against Corruption and Foreign Interference To prevent corruption, foreign powers, or domestic political factions from bribing electors, Hamilton argued the system's design contained key safeguards: • No official ties: Federal officials and sitting congressmen were barred from serving as electors to prevent conflict of interest. • Separated locations: Electors would meet in their respective states on the same day rather than all together in one national location, making it nearly impossible for foreign agents or cabals to coordinate widespread bribery. •. Transient status: Electors were chosen solely for this single task and disbanded immediately afterward, leaving no permanent body to corrupt over time. Preserving the Separation of Powers Hamilton strongly opposed letting Congress choose the president. He believed that if a president relied on Congress for re-election, the executive branch would become subservient to the legislative branch. By using an independent, temporary body of electors, the president remained independent of Congress while still being tied to the public. Preventing National Unrest Hamilton argued that direct national popular elections for a single powerful office would cause widespread civil unrest and "convulse the community with any extraordinary or violent movements". Decentralizing the vote across individual states aimed to keep the political temperature manageable.