Lebanon’s conduct over the course of decades has repeatedly demonstrated the depth of the Lebanese state’s failure. The country struggles to function as a sovereign entity, cannot maintain a monopoly over the use of force, and is unable to pursue a unified and independent foreign policy. When a state cannot guarantee the security of its citizens, enforce its own laws, or prevent armed organizations from using its territory to wage war, it becomes difficult to regard it as sovereign in any practical sense. The root of the problem lies in the political structure established with the creation of modern Lebanon, particularly the 1943 National Pact, which entrenched a sectarian division of power among Christians, Sunnis, and Shiites. Instead of cultivating a shared national identity, the political system turned sectarian affiliation into the primary locus of loyalty, and the state into an arena where competing groups struggle for control over resources and institutions. This produced a system in which the central government never fully overcame sectarian power centers. Rather than building a unified Lebanese nationalism, it repeatedly found itself forced to compromise with groups that possessed their own independent sources of power. The erosion of Lebanese sovereignty did not occur overnight. A major turning point was the 1969 Cairo Agreement, which granted Palestinian organizations the ability to operate in southern Lebanon and effectively manage an armed zone beyond the full control of the state. The resulting vacuum contributed to the outbreak of the civil war in 1975—a conflict that lasted until 1990 and transformed Lebanon into a battleground of militias, sects, and foreign powers. The Lebanese army largely disintegrated, and the state lost its ability to impose uniform authority across its territory. The Taif Agreement ended the war but did not resolve the underlying structural problem. Many militia leaders simply transitioned from the military arena into the political one, becoming part of the governing system.