I have uploaded a new video to the Classroom in Course 5.20. This video focuses on Python but also has useful theory on Options. Course 5.20 , as a reminder, is on Option Contracts for Crude oil. We examine how to evaluate Call and Put options on Oil. This is the 5th video for this course. We examine the OilOptionsChain class . We again look at some fundamental concepts of Object Oriented Programming . So it is a good revision for Object Oriented Programming. We speak about what the Options Chain is. Specifically, we create an object called call_chain from the OilOptionsChain class. All contracts of this class are for the same underlying asset (WTI Crude Oil) and expire on the same day. The only difference between them is the Strike Price. By creating this OilOptionsChain object in Python, we are essentially generating this financial "menu" based on the market conditions we defined (volatility , etc). See the attached images about what we are doing in this video.

A new Energy Industry report has been uploaded to the Classroom section (6.2 - Industry Reports). This report examines Britain's £28 billion investment plan to upgrade gas and electricity networks over the next five years, including how much it will cost households and why the infrastructure is essential for connecting renewable energy projects to the grid. Sources: My commentary combined with the following: [1] Financial Times: https://www.ft.com/content/986d9985-021a-4cf2-a67b-24970e9f1773 [2] Bloomberg: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-12-04/uk-energy-bills-to-rise-as-regulator-backs-major-grid-investment [3] Wall Street Journal: https://www.wsj.com/business/energy-oil/u-k-approves-37-billion-in-funding-for-energy-grid-31d54abe [4] The Economist: https://www.economist.com/britain/2024/01/04/britain-needs-an-unprecedented-expansion-of-the-electricity-grid

A new Energy Industry report has been uploaded to the Classroom section (6.2 - Industry Reports). This report analyses the European Union's new top-down electricity grid reinforcement approach to coordinating cross-border energy infrastructure. The report examines how the EU plans to address costly grid bottlenecks that could reach €26 billion annually by 2030, and the shift from decentralized national planning to centralized coordination. Sources: my commentary combined with the following: [1] The Economist: https://www.economist.com/europe/2025/10/30/europes-need-for-green-electricity-is-blowing-fuses [2] Wall Street Journal: https://www.wsj.com/business/energy-oil/europes-green-energy-rush-slashed-emissionsand-crippled-the-economy-e65a1a07 [3] Financial Times: https://www.ft.com/content/a22e8997-17b0-4762-9de2-c0b4df499bae

A new journal by Elsevier accepts Energy publications. So it is free of charge. If anyone wants to collaborate , maybe we could send a publication there. They are free of charge until 2027. After that, it is 3000 USD from what it says. It says "Transformative Energy: Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, Energy Carriers and Storage is an international, multi-disciplinary journal focused on hydrogen energy engineering and research. It aims to be a leading platform and an authoritative source of information related to clean hydrogen production with low energy consumption, high-density storage, secure transportation, and system-level integration. The journal focuses on green fuels of hydrogen and hydrogen carriers (such as ammonia, alcohols, alkanes etc.) and their applications in future sustainable energy systems. The journal welcomes papers on energy planning and management for hydrogen energy systems (such as fuel cells, water electrolysis, photoelectrochemical water-splitting etc.) along with their components, equipment, and infrastructure. It also publishes research for efficiency enhancement, performance optimization and operation control in hydrogen energy system. Hydrogen energy conversion, storage, and transport processes through experimental, analytical, numerical, and AI-assisted approaches are also within the journal’s scope. Hydrogen safety, policy, and economic assessments are within the context of the broader multi-disciplinary scope of Transformative Energy: Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, Energy Carriers and Storage". Here is the link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/transformative-energy?lid=k9z8uneb0p6r&utm_source=braze&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=STMJ_281677_CALLP_OANJLPRE&utm_content=3be1e016-162f-48c5-85d2-08d66bd43056&utm_term=3be1e016-162f-48c5-85d2-08d66bd43056_281677_CALLP-OANJLPRE_SCO-INT_NOAB_SINGLE_ALL&DGCID=STMJ_281677_CALLP_OANJLPRE

In the Classroom, a new video has been added to the online course 5.20. This is a quantitative finance (energy) course with a focus on Option Contracts for crude oil. This video explains the concept of risk free rate in this context. We need to learn what the risk free rate is because later in the code (in a future video) we will use the risk-free rate for finding the price of the option contract. Every option contract has a 'price' which is known as the 'premium', which we evaluate (later on) using Black Scholes. An input parameter in Black Scholes is the risk-free rate. The video explains that to find the risk-free rate we need to first check what our Option Contract is priced at. So, it is priced in US dollars because the Crude Oil is priced in US dollars. Therefore we look at the United States. Then we need to find the time-to-maturity. In our case, the Option expires 1 month from today. This is the example in our code. With this information , we use our financial source like Bloomberg. And we check the 1-month yield of the U.S, Treasury Bill. The US Government has zero risk of default (going bankrupt). Ofcourse In the real world, nothing is truly zero risk. But this is the assumption, which is widely accepted in finance. A numerical example explains what our return will be one month after we invest in this zero-risk investment vehicle.