🏛️ Euler Finance: From $197M Hack to DeFi's Most Battle-Tested Protocol
GM DeFi community! ☀️ Buckle up for one of the wildest redemption arcs in crypto history. We're talking about Euler Finance—a protocol that went from getting absolutely rekt to becoming arguably the most sophisticated lending platform in DeFi. This is a story of innovation, catastrophic failure, and an 18-month resurrection that changed everything. 🔥 📚 The Three Acts of Euler Act 1: Euler v1 - The Innovator (2021-2023) Permissionless lending with Uniswap v3 TWAP oracles for long-tail assets. Cool idea, but... Act 2: The $197 Million Nightmare (March 2023) One of the largest DeFi hacks in history. Absolute chaos. 💀 Act 3: The Rebirth - Euler v2 (September 2024) A complete architectural reimagining that makes the protocol basically unhackable. More on this in a minute. 💥 Let's Talk About THAT Hack March 13, 2023: The Day Everything Went Wrong Euler v1 had a fatal flaw. The entire protocol was built like a monolith—one giant shared pool where all assets lived together. Think of it like one massive vault where everyone's assets are mixed together. If ONE thing breaks? The whole system can collapse. Here's How It Went Down: The attacker found a bug in the donateToReserves function. Ironically, this function was added to FIX a previous security issue (the "First Deposit Bug" discovered by whitehat Kankodu). Security fixes creating new vulnerabilities? Classic crypto moment. 😅 The Exploit Mechanics (Simplified): 1. Leverage Loop: Attacker flash-borrowed $30M DAI, deposited it, then recursively borrowed against it to create a 10x leveraged position. Think of it like using credit card A to pay credit card B to pay credit card C... except with millions of dollars. 2. Artificial Insolvency: Called donateToReserves which BURNED their collateral (eDAI) but didn't check if they still had debt. Suddenly their account looked massively underwater—way more debt than collateral. 3. The Self-Liquidation Trick: Used a second address to liquidate their own insolvent position. Because the account looked SO underwater, the liquidation discount mechanism glitched out. The attacker got to claim the protocol's assets at a massive discount.