How does an instructor determine the readiness of a student to take control of an aircraft filled with hundreds of people? How does he determine that a student has enough knowledge, common sense, cognitive, motor, communication skills, and emotional intelligence to function in this highly demanding and often dangerous and unforgiving environment? I suggest that the "Four C's" is a good process to use for this assessment. The Four C's represent Competency, Consistency, Confidence, and Curiosity. While all the points discussed in the paper above are essential, for the instructor, they can be condensed into these four key items. Competency - the Oxford Dictionary defines competency as "the ability to do something successfully or efficiently." The "or" in this statement raises some questions for instructors right from the start. While we definitely want our students to be successful, we also know the airline wants them to be efficient at the same time. Success can be observed for the most part, as everything we do in operating an aircraft has an end goal, and success can be measured by landing safely. But what about efficiency? How does an instructor correctly determine efficiency without some external scale? An instructor spends most of his time working alone; he has no connection to those who have any data that defines efficient operations. How does an airline determine the most efficient way to operate? It uses data collected from operations. It uses the data to modify training in hopes that the modification will result in better efficiencies in line operations. As we know, hope is a poor strategy, and this process is inherently time-consuming and inefficient. The company expects a transfer of training, but we all know that there has never been a verifiable way to determine whether training truly transfers to line operations. We want that, we expect that, but we don't know that it happens. Why? Because we have not agreed on a way to validate the transfer. The technology exists to validate the transfer, but many in the industry are blocking the way to a safer, more efficient way of training pilots and operating aircraft.