Part 6 of what i learnt reading the nature of Biblical Criticism by John Barton
Barton then continues by examining more closely Augustine’s second strategy for dealing with Gospel discrepancies. This is the approach where Augustine argues that what ultimately matters is the integrity of the truth being communicated, not the exact wording or sequencing of details. In his terms, what matters is not the verba but the res — not the words, but the reality or meaning. The veritatis integritas is what matters most. So differences in wording, sequencing, or detail are not really threatening, because the evangelists are still communicating the same underlying truth. Barton notes that this looks quite close to what many modern readers do with the Gospels. He even connects this to Origen. According to him, Origen argued that some details in John cannot be taken strictly at face value and therefore must be understood allegorically. He also applies narrative criticism to Matthew and finds parts of it unpersuasive if taken as they stand. I’m not familiar enough with Origen to evaluate that directly, so I’m taking Barton’s presentation as it is. At the same time, Barton admits that this approach is somewhat dangerous, because it can lead to a disregard for the text as it stands. Even if it resolves inconsistencies, it risks dissolving the narrative into interpretation. He then shows that this tendency reappears later in the Reformation with Chemnitz, and even earlier with figures like Theodore of Mopsuestia. After that, Barton returns to Augustine’s first strategy when accounts are sufficiently different, they are treated as referring to different events. This reappears in Osiander’s Harmonia Evangelica, where the principle is pushed much further. For Osiander, every detail must be true exactly as stated. So if Matthew and Luke differ, then they must be describing different events. The result is a multiplication of events multiple temple cleansings, multiple similar healings, and so on. Barton describes this as almost comic. He then concludes that, for Osiander, the Gospels become building blocks of a larger harmony. And despite their differences, both Augustine and Osiander share a commitment to an objective harmony they assume that the harmony is already there, and that the reader who sees contradictions is simply mistaken.