Every tax strategy you'll ever hear about — accountable plans, kids on payroll, cost segregation, SALT workarounds, R&D credits — is one of exactly two moves. Once you see the two moves, you stop collecting random "tax hacks" and start seeing the system. Here's the run of numbers on a 1040 that everything hangs off of: Income → AGI → Taxable Income → Tax → Credits/Adjustments → Final Bill Lever 1 works before that first arrow. Lever 2 works after the AGI is already calculated. That's the whole map. Lever 1: Prevent Income From Appearing If income never shows up as income, there's nothing to tax. This is everything that reduces net income before AGI is even calculated: - Deductions — the standard toolkit: accountable plans, disaster Section 139 plans, family management companies, Summit Strategy sessions. All of it is just "create a legitimate expense at the entity layer so less profit flows to the owner's 1040." - Income shifting — same idea, different mechanism. Put a minor on payroll through a family management company at their 0% bracket, capture the deduction at the company level. The income didn't disappear, it just landed on a return that doesn't tax it. - Deferral — push recognition into a later year (retirement contributions, certain elections). Doesn't erase the income, just delays when it appears. - The Exotics — once the first three tools are maxed out and you're still in a high bracket, this is where you buy into an operating business (solar, oil & gas, equipment leasing, real estate) that throws off real depreciation. You're purchasing a deduction from a third party instead of generating one internally — which is why it usually costs ~20% of the benefit. Right tool for a minority of clients, wrong tool as a first move. Lever 2: Offset the Tax Once AGI is calculated, taxable income is calculated, and a tax is actually assessed — Lever 1 is done, the number is what it is. Lever 2 is everything that chips away at that number after the fact: