In the narrow yard behind 29 Hanbury Street, where the brick walls held the night’s cold long after sunrise, Annie Chapman was found just after dawn on 8 September 1888. Her body lay close against the weathered wooden fence, arranged with such dreadful finality that it seemed impossible to imagine she had died anywhere else. The yard itself appeared to tell a complete story. Yet, as so often in the Whitechapel murders, certainty began to unravel the moment witnesses were asked to remember. The first cracks appeared in the evidence of Albert Cadosch, who lived next door. Rising early to use the privy, he recalled hearing a woman’s voice from beyond the fence at around 5:20 a.m. She uttered a single word — “No” — not loudly, not in terror, but firmly enough to fix itself in his memory. Moments later came the sound of something striking the fence: a dull, heavy thud that seemed insignificant at the time, but would later acquire a terrible significance. Then came Elizabeth Long. On her way to Spitalfields Market at about 5:30 a.m., she passed the entrance to Hanbury Street and noticed a woman she later identified as Annie Chapman speaking quietly with a dark-haired man. Nothing about the encounter seemed remarkable. There was no struggle, no raised voices, no urgency. It was the ordinary anonymity of East End life—a fleeting exchange between strangers that only became important because one of them would soon be dead. Against these recollections stood the measured opinion of Dr George Bagster Phillips, the divisional surgeon. Examining Chapman’s body at around 6:30 a.m., he concluded that she had been dead for at least two hours, perhaps longer. His estimate rested upon the accepted Victorian indicators of death: the cooling of the body, the onset of rigor mortis, and the effects of the unusually cold September morning. By his calculation, Annie Chapman had died well before either Cadosch or Long believed they had encountered signs of life. The contradiction has never been satisfactorily resolved. If Dr Phillips’s judgment was accurate, then both civilian witnesses were mistaken, their memories subtly reshaped by shock, routine, or the frailties of recollection. If Cadosch truly heard Chapman beyond the fence, and if Elizabeth Long really exchanged a passing glance with her only minutes later, then the surgeon’s confidence in estimating the time of death must itself be questioned—a reminder that Victorian forensic science was often less exact than later generations imagined.