Energy as Substance: Radiowaves, Plasma, and Entanglement Against the Vacuum Ontology By Kenneth Parrott Abstract Conventional physics often describes space as a “vacuum,” implying emptiness or the absence of substance. Yet observable phenomena such as radiowaves, plasma, and quantum entanglement demonstrate that energy itself is substance. If energy lacked substance, it could not manifest, propagate, or exert measurable effects. This paper argues that radiowaves, plasma, and entanglement provide empirical evidence that “vacuum” is a misnomer: space is not void, but a structured medium of flows. The ontology of “nothingness” is therefore incoherent within physical science. 1. Introduction The term “vacuum” has persisted from early physics into modern cosmology. In laboratories, a vacuum is defined as the removal of air or matter, but in the cosmos, space is far from empty. Radiowaves travel through it, plasmas dominate its visible matter, and entanglement connects particles across its expanse. This paper demonstrates that these phenomena require substance. To call space a vacuum is ontologically inconsistent with the existence of measurable energy. 2. Radiowaves and the Electromagnetic Field 2.1 Substance in Oscillation Radiowaves are oscillations of the electromagnetic field. They carry energy, momentum, and information, measurable in receivers and antennas. 2.2 Empirical Proof If radiowaves lacked substance, they could not induce currents, alter plasma states, or produce observable heating effects. Their very detection demonstrates the reality of the electromagnetic substrate. 3. Plasma as the Dominant State of Matter 3.1 Nature of Plasma Plasma is ionized matter, constituting stars, solar winds, and interstellar filaments. It behaves as a conductive, dynamic medium, organizing itself into currents and filaments. 3.2 Plasma in Cosmic Structure Roughly 99% of visible matter in the universe is plasma. To deny its substance is to deny the very medium that sustains stars and galaxies.