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A patient with chronic kidney disease has damaged juxtaglomerular (JG) cells that are unable to release renin. Which of the following physiological changes would MOST likely occur? (answer will be posted in comments later)

A patient is given a drug that selectively blocks voltage-gated calcium channels in presynaptic neurons. Which of the following effects would MOST likely be observed? (answer to be posted in comments later)

A researcher isolates a mutant liver cell line that shows normal glycolysis and normal TCA cycle activity, but almost no ATP production despite normal oxygen consumption. Further testing shows that adding an artificial proton carrier (a molecule that moves H⁺ across membranes) restores ATP production. Which of the following is most likely defective in this mutant cell line? (answer will be posted later in comments)

In DiGeorge Syndrome, the thymus can be completely absent. The absence of the thymus would leave an individual unable to mount specific defenses against which of the following pathogens? (correct answer will be posted in comments later)