Q1: Is antibiotic prophylaxis routinely required to prevent infective endocarditis in at-risk patients undergoing interventional procedures? A1: No. According to NICE guidance (updated 2016), antibiotic prophylaxis is not routinely recommended for preventing infective endocarditis in at-risk patients undergoing procedures involving the dental, respiratory, gastrointestinal, or genitourinary tract. Q2: Are there any exceptions where antibiotic therapy might still be required in these patients? A2: Yes. If infection is suspected at the procedural site (e.g. during gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract procedures), appropriate antibacterial therapy should be given to cover organisms that cause infective endocarditis. Q3: What measures should be taken to reduce the risk of endocarditis in at-risk patients?A3: Patients should be: - Advised to maintain good oral hygiene - Informed about signs and symptoms of infective endocarditis - Told when to seek expert medical advice Q4: Do dermatological procedures require antibacterial prophylaxis in at-risk patients? A4: No. Dermatological procedures, including skin biopsies and excision of moles or malignant lesions, do not require antibacterial prophylaxis even in at-risk individuals. all added to our skool platform

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❓When the PSA test should be done after each event? testing should not be done within at least: - 6 weeks of a prostate biopsy - 4 weeks following a proven urinary infection - 1 week of digital rectal examination - 48 hours of vigorous exercise - 48 hours of ejaculation

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In cases of head trauma, why are cranial nerves VII (facial nerve) and VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) routinely examined, while cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve) — which also innervates the face — is not typically included in the initial cranial nerve assessment?