This course resets how voltage is understood by separating AC and DC behaviour correctly. It explains voltage as potential difference, how AC changes over time, why zero crossing matters, and why DC behaves differently despite similar voltage numbers. RMS, peak values, polarity, and DC influence on AC are covered. The focus is on behaviour, not devices, fixing assumptions before later topics build on this.

A technical course explaining how PV systems are electrically classified into strings, sub-arrays, arrays, and generators, and why correct classification is essential for voltage determination, conductor selection, protection, isolation, and testing in accordance with IEC standards. We do not cover mounting systems, inverter topology, or product marketing terminology.

This course provides a standards-based explanation of when Steel Wire Armoured (SWA) cable may and may not be used on the PV DC side in accordance with IEC 60364-7-712. It addresses common misconceptions, explains how IEC 62930 fits into the wiring, and sets out compliant methods for installing and terminating SWA in DC systems. The course also resolves persistent myths around polarity, magnetic effects, and skin effect in DC installations.

What PV string voltage really is — and why it is so often misunderstood. It breaks down Voc, Vmpp, temperature effects, and operating conditions, and shows why inverter limits do not define string voltage. The focus is on correct electrical meaning, not rule-of-thumb design.