Uk nat gas structured overview
1. The UK gas market at a glance The UK has a liberalised and highly liquid gas market It trades gas both physically (actual delivery) and financially (price risk management) The UK market is one of the main gas price references in Europe The central hub for UK gas trading is the NBP – National Balancing Point. 2. National Balancing Point (NBP) NBP is a virtual trading hub, not a physical location. Key features: Represents gas anywhere in the UK transmission system Trades in pence per therm or £/MWh Used as a benchmark price for UK gas and some LNG contracts NBP is similar in role to: TTF (Netherlands – now Europe’s dominant gas benchmark) Henry Hub (US) 3. Types of gas trading A. Physical gas trading Used by: Utilities Shippers Power generators Large industrial users Products include: Day-ahead Within-day Weekend Month-ahead / seasonal Purpose: Secure supply Meet customer demand Balance daily positions B. Financial gas trading Used by: Banks Trading houses Energy funds Utilities hedging risk Instruments: Futures Swaps Options Spread trades (NBP vs TTF, gas vs power) Traded mainly on: ICE Endex OTC markets (brokered) 4. Balancing and the role of National Grid The UK system must balance gas every day. National Gas (formerly National Grid Gas) is the system operator Shippers are responsible for balancing their own positions If they fail, they face cash-out prices (penalties) This creates: High within-day trading activity Volatility during supply shocks or demand spikes 5. Supply sources affecting UK gas prices UK gas prices are driven by: Domestic supply UK Continental Shelf (declining long-term) Imports Norway (pipelines) – most important source LNG (US, Qatar, others) Interconnectors with Belgium (IUK) and Netherlands (BBL) Demand drivers Weather (especially winter) Power generation (gas vs renewables) Storage levels (UK has relatively low storage) 6. Relationship with European gas markets UK gas prices are highly correlated with TTF