Play-Doh started as wallpaper cleaner. The company was going bankrupt. The man who saved it was 25 and had just been told he had cancer. A kindergarten teacher showed him the product everyone else was ready to throw away was actually one of the greatest toys ever made. Over 2 billion cans later, she was right. Joe McVicker was 25 years old. The year was 1955. He was sitting in a factory in Cincinnati, Ohio, surrounded by tubs of soft, doughy putty that nobody wanted to buy anymore. The putty was supposed to clean wallpaper. That's all it had ever been designed to do. But the wallpaper cleaning business was dying. For decades, American homes were heated by coal. Coal left a layer of black soot on everything — including the wallpaper that covered most living room walls. You couldn't wash wallpaper. You needed a soft, nontoxic compound that could lift soot without damaging the paper. That compound was Kutol Products' entire business. Cleo McVicker had saved Kutol from bankruptcy once before. In 1933, the worst year of the Great Depression, Cleo had been sent to liquidate the failing soap company. He was 21. Instead of shutting it down, he negotiated a contract with Kroger grocery stores to manufacture wallpaper cleaner. His brother Noah created the formula. Kutol became the largest wallpaper cleaner manufacturer in the world. Then tragedy struck. In 1949, Cleo McVicker was killed in a plane crash. His widow took over. She brought in Joe McVicker and Bill Rhodenbaugh to help run the company. Joe was barely out of college. And then the real crisis hit. After World War II, American homes started switching from coal to oil and gas heating. No more coal. No more soot. No more dirty wallpaper. On top of that, manufacturers started making vinyl wallpaper that could be washed with soap and water. Kutol's only product was becoming obsolete overnight. By 1954, the Christmas orders that usually sustained the company didn't materialize. Kutol was headed for bankruptcy.