This is education, not legal advice. Laws and amounts change and vary by state. Before you file anything, talk to a licensed consumer-protection attorney First: Know Who You Can Sue, and For What There are three different defendants, three different laws. Know which one applies. 1. The Credit Bureaus (Equifax, Experian, TransUnion) under the FCR They’re required to follow reasonable procedures for maximum possible accuracy, and to run a reasonable reinvestigation when you dispute (§1681i). If you dispute a genuine inaccuracy with proof, and they just rubber-stamp it “verified” without real investigation, that’s a potential violation. 2. The Furnisher (the bank, lender, or collector reporting the item) — under the FCRA Here’s the part most people get wrong: a furnisher’s duty you can actually sue over (§1681s-2(b)) only kicks in AFTER you dispute through the credit bureau. The bureau notifies the furnisher; the furnisher must then investigate and correct. If you never disputed through the bureau first, you usually can’t sue the furnisher. That’s why the dispute step isn’t optional — it’s the legal foundation of your whole case. 3. The Debt Collector — under the FDCPA This is separate from accuracy. If a collector harassed you, called before 8am or after 9pm, threatened arrest, lied about the amount, talked to third parties about your debt, kept calling after a written cease-contact, or failed to validate a debt you properly requested validation on — those are FDCPA violations you can sue over, even if you owe the debt. What You Can Actually Recover This is why these laws have teeth: FCRA — willful violation (§1681n): actual damages or statutory damages of $100–$1,000, plus punitive damages, plus your attorney’s fees and costs. FCRA — negligent violation (§1681o): your actual damages (denied loan, higher rate, lost housing/job, emotional distress) plus attorney’s fees and costs. FDCPA (§1692k): actual damages plus statutory damages up to $1,000 (even if you can’t prove you lost a dime) plus attorney’s fees and costs.