TL;DR - Mainstream critical scholarship, Jewish and Christian, agrees that Isaiah 7:14 speaks of an almah, a “young woman,” giving birth to a child in King Ahaz’s own day around 735 BCE; the word “virgin” entered through the Greek Septuagint’s parthenos, which Matthew quoted, and the virginal conception appears in only two New Testament books (Matthew and Luke), absent from Paul, Mark and John. - No conspiracy was needed: translation drift, the Greco-Roman habit of honoring great men with divine paternity, and centuries of doctrinal momentum (perpetual virginity around 150 CE, Immaculate Conception in 1854, Assumption in 1950) steadily moved Jesus and Mary out of the human category, and the objection was raised as early as Justin Martyr’s Dialogue with Trypho in the mid-second century. - The spiritual cost of that pedestal is that it turns “I and the Father are one” into a claim only one person can make; read with Eckhart, Athanasius and Alan Watts, the nativity is not a wall between you and God but a mirror, the birth of God in the soul that is meant to happen in you. Key Findings - The Hebrew is “young woman.” Isaiah 7:14 uses ha-almah, “the young woman,” with the definite article, and describes her as already pregnant. jewsforjudaism The more specific Hebrew word for a virgin, betulah, is not used. Wikipedia Bart Ehrman, Bible Odyssey (the Society of Biblical Literature’s public site), and the RSV, NRSV and Jewish Publication Society translations all render it “young woman.” jewsforjudaismWikipedia - “Virgin” came from Greek. The Septuagint translated almah as parthenos, a word that could mean “young woman” or “maiden” and that the same translators used for Dinah after she had been raped (Genesis 34:3). christian-history +3 Matthew, writing in Greek, quoted the Septuagint. bibleodyssey - The objection is ancient. Around 155-160 CE, Justin Martyr’s Jewish interlocutor Trypho says outright that the Scripture reads “young woman,” not “virgin,” and compares the Christian story to Perseus born of Danaë. biblehubWikipedia - The birth story is late and limited. Paul (50s CE) says Jesus was “born of a woman” (Galatians 4:4) and “of the seed of David according to the flesh” (Romans 1:3). bartehrman Mark (around 70 CE) has no birth story. bibleodyssey Only Matthew and Luke (around 80-90 CE) narrate a virginal conception, and their two accounts differ sharply. ehrmanblog - Leading scholars hold a range of views. Raymond E. Brown, a Catholic priest and the dean of infancy-narrative scholarship, concluded that “the scientifically controllable biblical evidence leaves the question of the historicity of the virginal conception unresolved.” galepatheos Andrew Lincoln argues the New Testament itself carries a tradition of Jesus as Joseph’s son. blogspotthegospelcoalition The Jesus Seminar held that Jesus had two human parents. WikipediaWikipedia - The pedestal grew over centuries. The Protevangelium of James (mid-second century) invented Mary’s miraculous backstory and her virginity during and after birth; “Ever-Virgin” was affirmed at the Second Council of Constantinople in 553; the Immaculate Conception was defined in 1854 and the bodily Assumption in 1950. Wikipedia +4 - The mystics read it inward. Meister Eckhart’s Christmas sermons insist that “what does it avail me that this birth is always happening, if it does not happen in me?” caceckhartsociety Alan Watts warned that when Jesus is “pedestalized,” “you strangle the Gospel at birth.” organism