I feel like my understanding of turbulence is still rudimentary and near to that of a kid. 1. From my understanding, in the most basic layman terms, turbulence is the loss of fluid flow structure due to presence of friction. Similar to how once we slide on a wet floor, we eventually slow down. In this process of slowing down, different people slide in different directions due to the inherent randomness of the process. 2. From my understanding, turbulence modelling is mostly statistical and a probability estimation. Most models that we use try to use many assumptions to basically get values if local randomness that we have no way to measure. Please correct me if I am wrong here. I would very much like to learn of this point in more clarity too. 3. No idea on this. Pardon me if this is not the answer you were looking for. This is just my, perhaps wrong, understanding of turbulence.