This isn't related to any historical fiction I've been reading, just an article I came across on the internet.
It looks like Neanderthals practised dentistry. Of course without anaesthetic, though 🫣
"The tooth suggests that Neanderthals potentially could identify the source of pain, decide how to treat it, use the necessary manual dexterity to execute the operation, and withstand the intervention’s pain to diminish future pain. It represents the first time such behavior has been shown in non Homo sapiens, and it predates the earliest-known human example by over 40,000 years."