2d • General
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The innate immunity is a non-specific response and aims to prevent pathogens from entering, involving the first and second line of defence.
Cause: Based on the diagram, it displays exposure to a bacterial pathogen known as Helicobacter pylori and in response to the innate immunity, the first line of defence, such as skin and mucus.
Effect: As a result, due to skin involving cells being tightly compacted together, they act as a protective physical barrier, making it difficult for pathogens to penetrate tissues and infect cells. They also contain keratinised cells that constantly shed in epithelial cells which can inhibit microbial growth.
Thus, mucus can be produced and secreted from the respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts that can trap pathogens, preventing it from entering the host’s body.
Cause: Furthermore, it can also lead to the activation of second line of defence, such as inflammation which involves mast cells releasing histamines.
Effect: As a result, histamines produce vasodilation and increase the permeability of blood vessels which can further enhance blood flow, which can lead to symptoms such as redness, fever, heat, pain and swelling. Also vasodilation also leads to white blood cells escaping from the blood vessels which enter infection sites and efficiently destroy the pathogen.
Cause: However, if the pathogen bypasses the innate immune system it activates the adaptive immunity, including the third line of defence, such as B and T lymphocytes.
Effect: As a result, immune cells act as antigen-presenting cells that detect antigens on pathogens, leading to the stimulation of the immune system, which then produces antibodies that bind to the specific antigens, trapping and tagging them for destruction through phagocytosis.
Additionally, clonal selection occurs where B and T cells are specifically selected, where specific B and T lymphocytes are preferred to support the destruction of pathogens.
It also leads to differentiation where B and T cells can differentiate into effector cells, such as B cells differentiating into plasma cells which produce large amounts of antibodies to bind with the antigen to prevent the pathogen from further spreading and enhance the humoral response, preventing cells from being infected. Whereas T cells can differentiate into cytotoxic T cells which are killer cells, where they release perforin and granzymes to induce apoptosis (cell death) of the infected cell, preventing further healthy cells from being infected.
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